Wednesday, January 12, 2011

A New Declaration of Independence for Haiti

(Version française reproduite plus bas)

12 January 2011 marks the first anniversary of the tragic earthquake that leveled Port-au-Prince and killed over 200,000 people in a country that already ranked the lowest in the Hemisphere for every social and economic indicator.

Why Haiti—even before the earthquake—is so poor is somewhat of a mystery given the amount of international assistance the country has received over the past four decades. International aid to Haiti first became significant under “Bébé Doc” in the 1970s and has consistently increased since. Public aid now finances sixty percent of the Haitian treasury, while an estimated 10,000 NGOs operate in the country.

And yet, despite all these efforts, Haiti is now poorer per capita than it was forty years ago.

Humanitarian efforts such as those that followed the 12 January earthquake are not in question. Every country needs disaster relief; even the United States struggled to overcome the flooding of New Orleans on its own. But, as attention moves from short-term recovery efforts in Haiti to long-term economic development, we must ask ourselves whether the default mode of offering a continuous stream of foreign monies is the best way to lift Haitians out of poverty. The historical record suggests that it might not.

Foreign aid’s limitations are well known in Haiti. Donations have a way of undermining local entrepreneurs, most notably the Haitian farmers who must compete against imported rice donated at little or no cost. Embezzlement, in a country that regularly tops Transparency International’s ranking of the world’s most corrupt countries, is also a concern. More generally, foreign generosity cannot be the solution to all of Haiti’s economic troubles because its poverty is more directly attributable to mismanagement on the part of its recent rulers than (as is commony asserted) to centuries-old colonial crimes like slavery, which shaped but did not predetermine Haiti’s destiny. Throwing money at the problem, in this context, will do no good until the Haitian political environment first transforms itself.

Most troublingly, claiming that Haiti’s renewal can only be achieved through foreign assistance implies that Haitians are fundamentally incapable of helping themselves, a notion that reeks of racist late nineteenth century imperialism. Aid workers are well intentioned, but they seem to miss the irony of blaming past western colonialism for Haiti’s troubles while bearing the “white man’s burden” into another century. Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd’s comment last January 28th that Haiti should be placed under “some sort of international receivership” to facilitate the disbursement of aid embodied the topsy-turvy thinking that has turned humanitarianism into the highest stage of imperialism.

Haitians alone, not foreigners, hold the key to their country’s future. They have, after all, formed a sovereign nation since 1804, and there is no reason, racial or otherwise, to question their ability to manage their own affairs. How would Americans react if the OAS offered to help Florida run its elections? If a French NGO set up camp to vaccinate uninsured children in Appalachia? If the UN patrolled the tougher neighborhoods of Washington, DC? If a Haitian senator offered to place the US government under receivership status?

Instead of constantly trying to “save” Haiti, the United States’ policy should be simple: to honor Haiti’s right to self-determination and support Haitians’ own efforts to develop promising sectors such as tourism, assembly work, and agriculture. Tourists: hop on a Royal Caribbean cruise ship bound for Labadie. Shoppers and businesses: buy labor-intensive products from a neighbor in need instead of distant China (most of them can be imported duty-free under the 2008 HOPE II Act). Congress: level the playing field for farmers in developing countries by eliminating U.S. subsidies for rice, sugar, and cotton.

And now for the most controversial part: phase out foreign aid to Haiti (aside from occasional disaster relief). Given the Haitian government’s current reliance on outside monies, the adaptation phase will be arduous, but Haiti’s economic potential will never be unleashed as long as Haitian politicians’ sole ambition is to appropriate the foreign windfall for themselves, and the country remains a virtual protectorate of foreign organizations whose raison d’être is Haiti’s misery.

On 1 January 1804, Haiti won its political independence from France. Let 12 January 2011 be remembered as Haiti’s declaration of economic independence.


Une nouvelle déclaration d’indépendance pour Haïti

Ce mois-ci marque le premier anniversaire du tremblement de terre du 12 janvier 2010, qui tua plus de 200.000 personnes en Haïti et détruisit Port-au-Prince. Triste anniversaire, mais aussi occasion de s’interroger sur les raisons pour lesquelles Haïti est le pays le plus pauvre des Amériques, et sur la meilleure manière d’éradiquer la misère qui y règne.

Il est de bon ton aujourd’hui de blâmer l’impérialisme des siècles passés (plus particulièrement français) et d’encourager les anciennes puissances coloniales à offrir une aide financière pour rembourser la “dette coloniale” et promouvoir le développement économique. C’est dans cette optique que le président Jean-Bertrand Aristide demanda en 2003 à la France la somme fantastique de 21.685.155.571 dollars (et 48 centimes) comme compensation pour les crimes de l’esclavage et comme solution au sous-développement en Haïti.

Raisonnement simple mais hélas simpliste, car il ignore deux faits importants. Tout d’abord, la classe dirigeante d’Haïti, souvent corrompue et minée par les querelles fratricides, a joué un rôle bien plus évident dans le rapide déclin économique du pays depuis les années 70 que des crimes vieux de plus de deux siècles. Deuxièmement, ces mêmes années ont vu à la fois l’aggravation de la crise économique et l’explosion de l’aide internationale, qui finance aujourd’hui 60% du budget de l’état haïtien mais s’avère incapable d’assurer un développement pérenne malgré quatre décennies d’efforts.

Haïti, contrairement aux idées reçues, dispose d’un potentiel économique important. Ce beau et attachant pays, situé au coeur d’une des régions les plus visitées au monde, pourrait aisément bénéficier d’une manne touristique considérable. Avec sa main d’oeuvre abondante, Haïti pourrait aussi exporter des produits manufacturés vers l’immense marché américain, si proche. Ce sont la stabilité politique et la bonne gouvernance, plus que l’aide internationale, qui permettront aux Haïtiens de développer ces secteurs.

Que l’on aide un pays de manière ponctuelle à rebâtir après une catastrophe naturelle est tout à fait louable; la solidarité internationale après le tremblement de terre fut remarquable à cet égard. Mais l’utilité d’une aide à long terme visant à combattre la pauvreté reste à démontrer. Un exemple parmi d’autres: la disette en Haïti tend à augmenter dans les régions où arrive l’aide alimentaire... car les paysans, incapables de faire face à la concurrence déloyale du riz étranger donné gratis, réduisent volontairement leur production.

Mais le défaut le plus grave de l’aide au développement est d’ordre moral: 
celle-ci est fondée sur le principe que les Haïtiens sont incapables de s’en sortir eux-mêmes. Ceux-là même qui, étrangement, critiquent le passé colonial et raciste de l’Occident insistent sur le fait que c’est au “blan” de sauver Haïti.  Que dirions-nous si des experts haïtiens venaient prendre en charge nos écoles et nos routes au motif que nous ne sommes pas assez évolués pour le faire nous-mêmes?

En 1825, la France reconnut l’indépendance politique d’Haïti, acquise par les armes en 1803. Il est temps que nous reconnaissions son indépendance économique en retirant nos conseillers, experts, et autres ONG (hors catastrophe naturelle) et en reconnaissant le droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes.

1 comment:

  1. I am so happy to find that you have started a blog! I received your newest book as a Christmas gift and read it within a couple of days. Your analysis of the country was much more perceptive than most voices these days.

    As someone who was born and raised in Haiti, I think that you have hit the nail on the head as to the source of Haiti's woes, as well as the most reasonable solution for its future. Haiti has a co-dependent relationship with foreign NGO's and Western powers, and it is desperately sick as a result.

    With Baby Doc back in Haiti and no clear way past the political impasse in sight, I am sure that you will have plenty to write about for a long time to come. I am looking forward to reading what you write in the future.

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